NAVIGATING FINANCIAL MARKETS: A THEORETICAL APPROACH

By Prof. P. SANJAY (Ph.D)

Dr. MANISH SHARMA

Dr. SAVITA

Dr. ASHISH B. JOSHI

Prof. JAMAKHANDI HAYAVADANA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52458/9788197762024.2024.tb

PAPER BACK ISBN : 978-81-977620-2-4

DATE : 2024

PAGES : 1-250

EDITIONS : 01

LANGUAGE : English

Availalbe: Out of stock

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The world of financial markets is enormous, complex, and continually changing. From the trading floors of stock exchanges to the algorithms that power today's digital transactions, financial markets are critical to the global economy's operation. They provide as a platform for capital raising, risk management, currency exchange, and investment, allowing members to grow their wealth. As a result, understanding how these markets operate is critical for anybody working in finance, whether they are students, practitioners, or legislators.

This book aims to provide a complete review of financial markets, giving readers both a basic grasp as well as knowledge into more sophisticated subjects. The voyage begins with an Introduction to Financial Markets, which describes their purpose, participants, and the economic factors that drive them. The following chapters dig into the many types of financial markets, examining the features and operations of capital, money, derivatives, and foreign exchange markets. These chapters are intended to provide a thorough understanding of how each market operates, its instruments, and the important participants involved.

Understanding the theoretical foundations of financial markets is equally vital as appreciating their operational features. In this context, the chapter Theories of Financial Markets delves into the numerous models and frameworks used by economists and market participants to assess market behavior, price, and efficiency. Following that, Market Microstructure delves deeper into the mechanics of trading, order flows, and liquidity, all of which are critical to understanding how prices are set and transactions are conducted.

As with any investment or market involvement, the balance between risk and return is critical. A separate chapter examines the trade-offs associated in various financial instruments, allowing readers to better understand how to minimize risk while optimizing returns. This understanding is critical for navigating not only individual investing decisions, but also larger dangers that can affect entire financial systems.

The globalization of financial markets has created new opportunities and challenges, as discussed in Global Financial Markets and Exchange Rates. As capital travels freely across borders, swings in exchange rates and international rules become more vital to understand. Global markets are also prone to crises, and the chapter on Market Crises and Regulatory Frameworks contains historical examples as well as discussion of how regulatory bodies try to keep these interconnected markets stable.

In the latter portions, we move our focus to the future. Emerging Trends in Financial Markets examines the impact of innovation, including new financial products, as well as the growing importance of data and technology. The last chapter, Financial Markets in the Age of Digital Transformation, discusses how technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing are poised to alter financial markets, creating both new opportunities and unexpected challenges.

Whether you are a student hoping to learn the fundamentals or a seasoned professional looking to keep current in a quickly changing landscape, this book gives the skills and knowledge you need to navigate the complex world of financial markets. It seeks to provide a balanced approach by addressing both classic market fundamentals and cutting-edge developments that are reshaping finance today.

We believe that this book will be a great resource for readers, allowing them to not only comprehend financial markets but also successfully engage with and navigate them in both current and future situations.

 

TITLE

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER:01

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKETS

1-14

 

    • OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
  • Understanding Financial Markets

2

 

  • CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

3

 

  • ROLE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THE ECONOMY

5

 

  • FLOW OF FUNDS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
  • Flow of Funds
  • Economic Impact

6

 

  • IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

7

 

  • ROLE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THE ECONOMY

11

CHAPTER:02

TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: CAPITAL MARKETS

15-32

 

  • INTRODUCTION

16

 

  • TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
  • Purpose of Capital Markets

16

 

  • COMPONENTS OF CAPITAL MARKETS
  • Major Instruments in Capital Markets

17

 

  • ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKETS IN THE ECONOMY

20

 

  • CHALLENGES IN CAPITAL MARKETS
  • Market Volatility
  • Nature of Market Volatility
  • Causes of Market Volatility
  • Impacts of Volatility in Capital Markets
  • Regulatory Compliance
  • Complexity of Regulatory Environments
  • Major Regulatory Challenges
  • Examples of Regulatory Challenges
  • Strategies to Address Regulatory Challenges
  • Access To Capital
  • Barriers to Market Entry
  • Challenges in Accessing Capital
  • Impact on Economic Growth
  • Efforts to Improve Access

21

CHAPTER:03

TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: MONEY MARKETS

33-42

 

  • INTRODUCTION
  • Definition of Money Markets
  • Purpose of Money Markets
  • Instruments of Money Markets
  • Role of Money Markets in the Financial System

34

 

  • IMPACT OF MONEY MARKETS ON MONETARY POLICY

40

CHAPTER:04

TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: DERIVATIVES MARKETS

43-64

 

  • DERIVATIVES MARKETS: AN OVERVIEW

44

 

  • PURPOSE OF DERIVATIVES MARKETS

44

 

  • BENEFITS OF DERIVATIVES MARKETS

46

 

  • RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DERIVATIVES
  • Key Risks Associated with Derivatives

48

 

  • TYPES OF DERIVATIVES
  • Futures
  • Characteristics of Futures
  • Risks Associated with Futures
  • Settlement Types
  • Options
  • Types of Options
  • Characteristics of Options
  • Strategies Involving Options
  • Risks Associated with Options

53

 

  • SWAPS
  • Types of Swaps
  • Characteristics of Swap Transactions
  • Risks Associated with Swaps

60

CHAPTER:05

TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: FOREX MARKETS

65-74

 

  • INTRODUCTION - FOREX MARKETS
  • Major Participants of Forex Markets
  • Characteristics of Forex Markets
  • High Liquidity
  • Impact on Trading:
  • 24/7 Operation
  • Global Trading Hubs
  • Influence of Geopolitical and Economic Factors
  • Currency Pairs
  • Types of Currency Pairs:
  • Leverage
  • Decentralized Market
  • Role of Technology

66

CHAPTER:06

THEORIES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS

75-106

 

  • INTRODUCTION

76

 

  • EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS (EMH)
  • Evolution and Current Perspective
  • Core Principles of EMH
  • Forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)
  • Criticisms and Limitations of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)
  • Implications of EMH for Investors

77

 

  • MODERN PORTFOLIO THEORY (MPT)
  • Efficient Frontier and Capital Market Line
  • Assumptions and Criticisms

81

 

  • CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM)
  • Implications of CAPM
  • Applications of CAPM
  • Criticisms of CAPM
  • Behavioral Critiques

85

 

  • BEHAVIORAL FINANCE
  • Historical Context of Behavioral Finance
  • Psychological Concepts: Influence on Investor Behavior
  • Heuristics
  • Overconfidence
  • Herd Behavior
  • Loss Aversion
  • Implications of Behavioral finance
  • Limitations and Criticisms of Behavioral Finance

90

 

  • ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY (APT)
  • Characteristics of APT
  • Application of APT
  • Benefits of APT
  • Challenges and Limitations

96

 

  • MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE THEORIES
  • Definition and Scope of Market Microstructure Theories
  • Major Areas of Study of Market Microstructure Theories
  • Essential Key Concepts in Market Microstructure
  • Bid-Ask Spread
  • Price Impact
  • Information Asymmetry
  • Implications for Investors
  • Trading Strategies
  • Costs of Trading
  • Role of Market Makers and Liquidity Providers
  • Market Transparency and Regulation

101

CHAPTER:07

MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE

107-140

 

  • INTRODUCTION: MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE

108

 

  • HOW MARKETS OPERATE: TRADING MECHANISMS AND MARKET ORDERS
  • Trading Mechanisms
  • Types of Trading Mechanisms
  • Order-Driven Markets
  • Characteristics of Order-Driven Markets
  • Quote-Driven Markets
  • Characteristics of Quote-Driven Markets
  • Hybrid Markets
  • Characteristics of Hybrid Markets
  • Auction Markets
  • Types of Auctions
  • Characteristics of Auction Markets
  • Market Orders
  • Types of Market Orders

108

 

  • MARKET EFFICIENCY AND PRICE DISCOVERY
  • Market Efficiency
  • Implications of Market Efficiency
  • Forms of Market Efficiency
  • Weak Form Efficiency
  • Semi-Strong Form Efficiency
  • Strong Form Efficiency
  • Price Discovery
  • Factors Influencing Price Discovery
  • Order Flow
  • Information Flow
  • Liquidity
  • Impact on Price Discovery
  • Mechanisms of Price Discovery

118

 

  • ROLE OF MARKET MAKERS AND BROKERS
  • Market Makers
  • Functions of Market Makers
  • Importance of Market Makers
  • Brokers
  • Role of Brokers
  • Functions of Brokers
  • Importance of Brokers
  • Types of Brokers

129

CHAPTER:08

RISK AND RETURN IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

141-165

 

  • INTRODUCTION

142

 

  • MEASURING RISK AND RETURN
  • Return Measurement
  • Definition of Return
  • Types of Returns
  • Risk Measurement
  • Definition of Risk
  • Types of Risk
  • Risk Metrics

142

 

  • PORTFOLIO THEORY AND DIVERSIFICATION
  • Portfolio Theory
  • Diversification

151

 

  • HEDGING TECHNIQUES AND RISK MANAGEMENT
  • Hedging Techniques
  • Common Hedging Instruments:
  • Risk Management
  • Goals of Risk Management
  • Risk Tolerance and Investment Goals:
  • Steps in Risk Management
  • Risk Management Tools

156

CHAPTER:09

GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS AND EXCHANGE RATES

166-190

 

  • INTRODUCTION

167

 

  • FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
  • Market Structure of the Foreign Exchange Market
  • Functions of the Forex Market

169

 

  • EXCHANGE RATE DETERMINATION: THEORIES AND MODELS
  • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
  • Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
  • Balance of Payments Approach
  • Monetary and Asset Market Models
  • Behavioral Finance Models

179

 

  • INTERNATIONAL INVESTING AND RISK CONSIDERATIONS
  • Exchange Rate Risk
  • Political and Economic Risks
  • Liquidity and Market Access
  • Diversification Benefits
  • Cultural and Operational Risks

185

CHAPTER:10

MARKET CRISES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

191-207

 

  • INTRODUCTION

192

 

  • FINANCIAL CRISES
  • Causes of Financial Crises
  • Failures of Financial Institutions
  • Impacts of Financial Crises
  • Lessons Learned from Financial Crises

192

 

  • REGULATORY BODIES AND MARKET REGULATIONS
  • Ethical Considerations in Financial Markets
  • Importance of Ethics in Finance
  • Challenges to Ethical Behavior
  • Promoting Ethical Standards

202

CHAPTER:11

EMERGING TRENDS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

208-214

 

  • INTRODUCTION
  • Impact of Technology: FinTech and Algorithmic Trading

209

 

  • SUSTAINABLE FINANCE AND ESG INVESTING

211

CHAPTER:12

FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

215-234

 

  • INTRODUCTION

216

 

  • HOW FINANCIAL MARKETS HAVE EVOLVED WITH TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

216

 

  • IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN RESHAPING TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL MARKET STRUCTURES

218

 

  • KEY TECHNOLOGIES DRIVING THE CHANGE IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

220

 

  • THE RISE OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES
  • Overview of Digital Currencies

221

 

  • IMPACT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES ON GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS

224

 

  • REGULATORY CHALLENGES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR CBDCS TO TRANSFORM TRADITIONAL CURRENCY SYSTEMS
  • Regulatory Uncertainty
  • The Role of CBDCs in Addressing Regulatory Concerns
  • Potential for CBDCs to Transform Traditional Currency Systems

226

 

  • THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
  • Predictions on How Technologies Like Quantum Computing Could Impact Financial Markets
  • The Potential of Tokenization of Assets and Its Implications for Traditional Markets

228

 

SELF-REVIEW QUESTIONS

235

 

SUGGESTED READINGS & REFERENCES

 

Prof. P. Sanjay

Prof. P. Sanjay from IIM Sirmaur is a Finance Guru, being the most highly qualified IIM Professor in India with ten academic degrees including Phd from India, M.Phil from London Business School, UK (and London School of Economics and Political Science), MBA from University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA as an Asian Development Bank Scholar and JMP from USA and Japan. He is also a qualified Chartered Accountant, Company Secretary, Cost (Management) Accountant, LLB, M.Com and B.Com (Hons) from India. He is a Visiting Faculty at IIT Bombay and serves on the Board of Directors of a company. He has industry experience of over 20 years and has served as the Chief Financial Officer of a Fortune 50 MNC group company and as President of an Indian Company. His expertise is called upon by industry associations, regulators and government bodies on various financial and economic issues. His academic and professional excellence has been recognized with many awards and grants, including from Govt. of India, Govt. of Japan, Govt. of UK and Asian Development Bank.

Dr. Manish Sharma

Dr. Manish Sharma is a highly motivated Professional working in education industry. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, affiliated to GGSIPU. He has presented various Research Papers in National as well as International Conferences and Seminars in the areas of Commerce and Management. Author of multiple publications in reputed SCOPUS, WOS, ABDC Category B Journals. He is an Author of a Book “Marketing of Financial Products and Services” He was the trainer for Assistant Managers of Axis Bank in Axis Bank Young Managers Programme. He has conducted various FDPs, Capacity building and Skill development programmes. His areas of Teaching interest are Economics, Financial Modeling, Financial Planning, Investment analysis, and Financial Markets & Investments.

Dr. Savita

Dr. Savita is holding post-graduation to her credit namely; MBA. She is PhD. in finance area from IKG-Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. She has qualified UGC NET (2011 & 12). She has experience of more than 14 years in academics. She has presented papers in various national & international conferences She has organized various National and International Conferences, Seminars, Workshops and Management Development Programs in finance. She has participated in various workshops and conferences. She is presently associated as an Assistant Professor (Finance & Accounting) with Amity College of Commerce, Amity University.  She is Ph.D. Guide of Amity University students'. Her research interest includes Accounting, Corporate Finance, Financial Management, Security Analysis & Investment Management, Mergers & Acquisitions, Financial Technology, etc.

Dr. ASHISH B. JOSHI
Dr. Joshi has over 20 Years of work experience and the Academic, Consultancy, Corporate and Institutional Development. Dr. Joshi is engaged with International and National level institutions and universities. He has conducted and participated in Training Programs, Faculty Development Programs and MDP's on various topics related to Management for industry and society. He has travelled various places in India and abroad for research and institutional development activities. He has published more than 30 research papers, articles, case studies and reports at National and International level. He has presented more than 30 research papers in national and international conferences.

Prof. Jamakhandi Hayavadana

Prof. Jamakhandi Hayavadana graduated in B.Tech Textile Technology in 1985 from Bangalore University , M.Tech  Textile Technology from PSG College of Technology ,Bharathiyar University, Coiembatore  in 1994 and PhD from Anna University in 1998 in Textile Technology. He also pursued MBA from University of Madras . During his 38 years of academic and Industrial experience , he has published number of papers in National and International journals. Certificates in Yellow, Green and Black Six Sigma Belts are to his credits. He is awarded with two patents . His current research area is mechanisation of Handloom, advanced Testing, Design and Development of Textile Instruments, Application of Lean Six sigma for Textile Industry etc., He has designed nearly 8 Textile Testing instruments for his Textile Testing lab.He also serving as BOS chairperson for several faculties. He has published 5 books . He has guided  and evaluated a number of Phd scholars. During his stay for 28 years at Osmania University, Hyderabad,he has developed the Textile Technology department by working as Professor & Head . Under his supervision nearly 26 UG batches and 6 PG batches have graduated .