This book also dives into the origins of American English, tracking its linguistic and rhetorical development from Webster to Mencken as well as its significant influence on the growth of the American identity throughout this time period. We investigate regionalism, the impact of African-American English, and the capacity of language to play a role in the formation of the American identity. The literary scene was dominated by neoclassicism, which is also sometimes referred to as the Age of Prose and Reason. We investigate the development of reason, the practice of imitating ancients, as well as the norms and practices that guided the production of literature. In addition to this, we explore the writings of Alexander Pope, as well as the heroic couplet, poetic diction, and satire, all of which are characteristic of this time period.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1.1. INCEPTION OF ENGLISH EDUCATION IN INDIA BY EAST INDIA COMPANY
• Macaulay’s Minute
• Acceptance of Minute by Lord William Bentick
• Macaulay’s Contribution to Indian Education
• Educational Policy of Lord Auckland
• Appraisal of the Progress of Education
• Wood’s Despatch, 1854
• Department of Education
Establishment of Universities:
Establishment of Graded Schools:
System of Grant-in-Aid:
Training of Teachers:
Criticism of the Despatch: 2
1.2. THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS A CULTURAL SUBJECT
1.3. GROWTH AND DECAY
• Life cycles in language
• States of language
• The decline of English 17
1.4. THE IMPORTANCE OF A LANGUAGE
1.5. THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
1.6. THE FUTURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1.7. ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE
1.8. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
• Assets
• Liabilities
2. THE AGE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE DURING COLONIAL PERIOD
2.1 DEMAND FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY INDIANS DURING COLONIAL PERIOD
• Inception of English Education
• 1813 Charter Act
• Role of Missionaries in English Education
• Demand for English by Indians
• Role of William Bentinck
• Prior to Macaulay’s Minute
• Macaulay’s Minute- 1835
• Wood’s Dispatch of 1854
• Indian Education Commission of 1882
• Indian University Commission 1902
• The Government of India resolution of 1913
• Delhi Conference 1917
• National Movement
• Independence Phase
2.2 ROLE OF RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY IN SPREADING ENGLISH
2.3 GOKHALE’S BILL OF 1912
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3. ENGLISH LANGUAGE DURING INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
3.1 ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE DURING INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
• Nehru’s first language policy
• But English stands its ground
• New policy guarantees status of English
• Language of the elite
• The Indianization of English
3.2 ROLE OF MAHATMA GANDHI IN INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE
• Bhabani Bhattacharya’s So Many Hungers:
• Bhabani Bhattacharya’s Music for Mohini:
• Nayantara Sahgal’s Storm in Chandigarh:
• R. K. Narayan’s Waiting for the Mahatma:
• Manohar Malgaonkar’s “A Bend in The Ganges”:
3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH DURING POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
• Constitutional Status of English:
• English Language Use in Education and Related Policies in Post-Independence India:
• Report of the 1961 Chief Executives' Conference Recommendations
Kothari Commission (1966):
National Policy of Education:
1986 National Policy of Education:
Acharya Rammurti Commission:
NCERT Suggests 56
3.4 PRESENT STATE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN INDIA
• Problems of Teaching English as a Second Language in India
• Importance of English 61
4. THE AGE OF CHAUCER 66-86
4.1 CHAUCER'S AGE-BOTH MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
• Chaucer’s Life
• The age of Chaucer: (1340-1400)
• The Historical Background
• Literary Features of the Age
• General Characteristics of Age
• Other Poets of Chaucer's Age
• Prose of Chaucer's Age 67
4.2 HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
4.3 THE AGE OF CHIVALRY
• Function & Promotion
• Punishment & Demotion
• Chivalric Orders
• The Medieval Tournament
• Warfare & Chivalry
4.4 THE BLACK DEATH
• The Writing of a Medical Treatise
• Galen’s Theory and its Use in the Middle Ages
• Interesting Medical Letters
• The Art of Dying in Literary Works during the Plague
• Practical Advice at the Time of Death 81
4.5 PEASANTS' REVOLT AND LABOUR UNREST THE CHURCH
• Peasants Revolt 1381
• Causes of the Peasants' Revolt 83
4.6 LITERARY AND INTELLECTUAL TENDENCIES
5. THE RENAISSANCE
5.1 WRITERS
• William Shakespeare
• Geoffrey Chaucer
• Nicholas Machiavelli
• Miguel de Cervantes
• Dante Alighieri
• John Donne
• Edmund Spenser
• Giovanni Boccaccio
• Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• John Milton
• Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (Molière)
5.2 PLATO AND ARISTOTLE
• The Works of Aristotle and Plato
• Differences in Contributions
• Modern Appraisal of Aristotle and Plato
Personal Backgrounds of Aristotle and Plato
5.3 EMPHASIS ON SELF-CULTURE
• Rebirth and rediscovery
• Humanism
• The Reformation
• New worlds
5.4 ELIZABETHAN AGE
• Love Poetry
• Patriotic Poetry
• Philosophical Poetry
• Satirical Poetry
• Songs and Lyrics in Elizabethan Poetry
5.5 PROSE
• Prose in Early Renaissance
Sir Thomas More
Roger Ascham
Sir Thomas Elyot and Sir John Cheke
• Religious Prose
• Prose Romances
5.6 FICTION
• List of 12 great books
The Weight of Ink by Rachel Kadish
The Tournament by Matthew Reilly
Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel
The Game of Kings by Dorothy Dunnett
Equal of the Sun by Anita Amirrezvani
Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger
Hamnet by Maggie O'Farrell
The Agony and the Ecstasy by Irving Stone
The Ming Storytellers by Laura Rahme
The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory
Aztec by Gary Jennings
An Instance of the Fingerpost by Iain Pears
5.7 RENAISSANCE ATTITUDES TOWARD TEACHING
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6. THE RENAISSANCE- CONTRIBUTION OF SHAKESPEARE TO THIS AGE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 SHAKESPEARE- DRAMA, GRAMMAR, PRONUNCIATION
• Drama
• Grammar
• Pronunciation
6.3 SHAKESPEARE- POETRY, SOUND, SENSE
6.4 CONTRIBUTION OF SHAKESPEARE TO THIS AGE
• Shakespeare's Renaissance-Era Characters, Each One Unique
• Impact of the Renaissance on Society
7. THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
7.1 INTRODUCTION
• The Colonial Period (1607–1776)
• The National Period (1776–1898)
• The International Period (from 1898)
• Variation
7.2 AMERICAN LANGUAGE FROM WEBSTER TO MENCKEN
7.3 AMERICAN RHETORIC FROM JEFFERSON TO LINCOLN
7.4 THE LANGUAGE OF THE AMERICAN SELF
7.5 AMERICAN REGIONALISM
• American Regionalism Meaning in Literature
• Influences on American Regionalism
Southwestern Humor
Down East Humor
Realism
• American Regionalism Movement
• American Regionalism Literature Characteristics
• American Regionalism Authors
7.6 AMERICAN DIALECTS IN LITERATURE
7.7 THE IMPACT OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH
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8. NEOCLASSICISM (AGE OF PROSE AND REASON)
8.1 NEOCLASSICISM
• The Start of Neoclassicism
• Before The Neoclassicism Time Period
• Neoclassicism Artists
• Neoclassicism Art – Psyche Revived By Cupid’s Kiss By Antonio Canova
• Neoclassicism Paintings – Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David
• Neoclassicism Characteristics Art – Johann Joachim Winckelmann Portrait by Angelica Kauffmann
• Revival of the Neoclassicism Art
8.2 THE AGE OF PROSE AND REASON
• The Contribution of the Age to Prose:
• Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
• John Arbuthnot (1667-1735)
• Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
• Addison, Steele, and the Periodical Essay
• Dr. Johnson (1709-84)
• Biographers and Letter Writers
• Periodical Papers and Oliver Goldsmith (1730-74)
• Historians
• Edmund Burke (1729-97)
8.3 POPE AND HEROIC COUPLET, POETIC DICTION AND SATIRE
• Alexander Pope and Heroic Couplets
• Poetic Diction of Alexander Pope
• Pope and satire
9. ROMANTICISM
9.1 TRANSITION TOWARDS ROMANTICISM
9.2 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS OF ROMANTICISM SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
• Poverty and Slum Housing
• Social Investigatio
• Historical Summary
• The French Revolution
• Economic Conditions
• Literary Characteristics of the Age
• Literary Criticism
9.3 ELEMENTS OF MEDIEVALISM, ESCAPISM AND SUPERNATURALISM
• Elements of Medievalism
• Escapism
• Supernaturalism
9.4 THE VICTORIAN ERA
• Women Novelists
• Charlotte Bronte
• Emily Bronte
• Mrs. Gaskell
• George Eliot
Dr. N. Sumathi
Dr. N.Sumathi is an Assistant Professor in Department of English and other Foreign Languages, SRM Institute of Science & Technology. She is passionate about teaching literature. She is passionate about encouraging students towards achieving English skills both in creative writing and acquiring language skills. She is a certified trainer in TEFL/TESOL. Her field of interest includes discussing philosophical ideas of great thinkers, critical theories in literature, poetry (writing and teaching), teaching plays and encouraging students for enacting the plays, Journalism, Women studies and feminism and teaching grammar and language skills. She has published many research papers in Scopus indexed journals and UGC care listed journals and has presented in various conferences. She has acted as resource person for various seminars, workshops and other programmes. She has mentored students for various projects. She has co-authored various books in the field of Literature, Education, Psychology and Value Education.
Dr. PABITRA KUMAR SWAIN
Dr. Pabitra Kumar Swain teaches English Literature and Language at Science College Autonomous Hinjilicut, Ganjam, Odisha, India. He is among the leading teachers of English Literature in Odisha today. Dr. Swain was awarded P.h.D from Berhampur University for his work on Eco-existentialism in the works of famous French author Albert Camus. He is a passionate teacher who also revels in acting, writing Odia poems and short stories. His specialization areas are Eco-existentialism, Existentialism, Absurdism, Post-modernism and Humanism.
Prof. (Dr.) Kailas Aute
Dr. Kailas Aute is an esteemed Professor of English at Smt. CHM College, Ulhasnagar-03, affiliated with the University of Mumbai. With a distinguished academic profile encompassing an MA, M.Phil., Ph.D., UGC-NET, and LLB qualifications, he brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to his teaching role. With over 18 years of teaching experience, Dr. Aute has emerged as a respected Ph.D. Research guide, successfully supervising numerous research projects in the fields of Ethnicity Studies, Diaspora Studies, Drama, Comparative Literature, Gender Studies, Green Studies, and Indian Writing in English. His scholarly contributions are evident through his extensive publications and active participation in conferences. Dr. Aute's dedication and commitment to education were recognized with the Best Teacher award in 2020. Furthermore, his leadership as Vice Principal played a pivotal role in the NAAC Process of his college, reflecting his administrative skills and commitment to quality education. Dr. Aute's influence extends beyond his institution, as he contributes significantly as a valued member of the Board of Studies for English at HSNC University and Wadia College, Pune.
Mr. Rohit Kant Mishra
Mr. Rohit Kant Mishra (M.A, M. Phil), is working as a Lecturer in English, Department of Higher Education, Govt of Odisha. Presently pursuing his PhD from Utkal University, Odisha. He has served as an Assistant Professor in English, KIIT University, Odisha. He is having teaching experience of 10 years at U.G level. He has presented many research papers in different national and international conferences. He has published many research articles in international peer reviewed journals witth ISSN and few chapters in edited books with ISBN. He has also been the editor of 05 books with ISBN. Apart from seminars and conferences he has done extensive research on English Language Teaching and Learning system in odisha and has contributed towards the teaching learning pedagogy which has been acknowledged by many eminent scholars. His areas of interests are English Language Teaching, Teaching Learning Pedagogy, EFL, ESL, and Literary Theory and Criticism.
